Carpenter&#39;s square.



N. 846,'274. PATENTED MAR. 5, 1907. G. YATES.

GARPENTERS SQUARE. APPLIUATION FILED FEB. 5, 190e.

2 SHEETS-SHEET ,1.

l @nvm/vm? Alfamqv PATEN'IED MAR. 5, 1907. G. YATES.

GARPENTERS SQUARE.

VAPPLICATION FILED FEB. 5. 1906.

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GEORGE YATES, OF WYOMING, PENNSYLVANIA.

CARPENTERS SQUARE.

Specification 'of Letters Patent.

Patented March 5, 1907.

Application fuea February 5, 1906. serial No. 99;520.

To 'all whom t may concern,.-

Be it known that I, GEORGE YATEs, a citizen of the United States,residing at Vyo- .ming, in the county of Luzerne and State ofPennsylvania, have invented certain .new

and useful Improvements in Carpenters Squares, of which the following isa specification, reference being had' therein to the accompanyingdrawing.

. lMy invention relates to an improvement 1n carpenters squares, and hasfor its object theprovision of a device whereby the carbut a rudimentaryknowledge of mathematics, may estimate correctly and rapidly the lengthof rafter having a certain pitch necessary for -a structure of givendimensions, thus entrating the manner of valley rafters, 'may abling himto calculate the requisite amount of material Without wastage, and bymeans oi` which square hecan make the upper and lower terminal cuts ofthe rafter at the proper angles thout supplementary tools orcalculations. Y

Further provision made by which .thev

successive rafters of gables, as well as the and accurately cut without'the use of additional tools; Alsoready means are aorded for laying-ofiland cutting the frame-timbersv for polygonal tions. A

VVth these objects inv view my invention consists in the tionhereinafter trated,and claimed. 4In the drawing accompanying thisspeciforming a4 partI hereof, Figure l a square constructed 1naccordance with my invention. Fig. 2

structures in `,various situashows the reverse side of the A square,and.

Figs. 3 and tare-.diagrammatic views illususe." .'Likereference-numerals designate similar parts 1n all the views.

Referring to the drawing more'pin detail,

-2 designates a square having the general form'of the ordinarycarpenters square and with divisions indicating decimal parts of" afoot., While. l represents the reverse side of the same square, thedivisions marking inches and certain fractional portionsthereof-di. e.,one-half, one-fourth, one-twelfth, &o. rEhe principle'oi constructionand manner of use-of the two sides is the same, lthe readings differingonly according to ltional'unit used in diiierent lkinds of work and .bypreference 'of the operator.v

y On the shorter' arm of the square, which may be" called the base apoint is located one foot from the corner of the square, and adjacentthereto is described a quadrant 3 about such point as a center.

. On thellonger-arm of the square, which maybe called the altitude,diagonal scores 4, and 5 aref'orined cutting the graduations (in Fig. 1the inches and in of a foot) and extending in a direct line toward thevpoint-6 on the base, one foot be quickly estimated from the corner andforming the centerv aforesaid of the quadrant 3. These scores, itwill'be seen, indicate the Iespective hypotenuses of. right-angletriangles having a base one foot long and altitudes corresponding to thegraduations intersected by such score.

Each inch and half-inch 'graduation bears a legend giving the lengthofthe hypotenuse indicated by the score with which it intersects-e. g.,the one-inch graduation is marked '1-0.04; two inches, '1- O.16; threeinches,- -0.36\; eight inches, 1-2.42, &c., signifying lthe length ofthe hypotenuse of -a ri htangle triangle having a one-foot base an analtitude of one, two, three, and eight inches,

novel features V o f construc-` nl'ore fully described, illusresectively. i

lgs a rafter represents thev hypotenuse of such'a triangle-having a basee ual to onehalf the Width of the building andl an altitude l equal tothe vertical distance between the eaves-plate and the ridge-piece, itfollows' that if a' rafter in a building thirty feet wide is-,to begiven a rise of, say, eight inches to the foot it will correspond inpitch to the hypotenuse of a. triangle having a base of one foot and analtitude of eight inches. The length of such hypotenuse is, shown byreference to the unit-square to bey-2.42, and in order to ascertain theexact length of the rafter desired in thebuilding it only remains tomultiply the length of this'hypotenuse, 1( '-2.42, by -fifteen,vthe'basein the building, andthe.' required rafter-will befound to beA preciselyby 1-2'.42 or 18-O.3.

Knowing the `number of rafters needed, it is easy to estimate the totalamount of matcrial which will bc necessary. To properlycut each'rafter,theoperator will make two 'marks on the timber 18,0 apart. He will thenplace the. point- 6 at the' 'the frac.-

twelve-inch mark on the base nfthe square at IOC ' square.

one of the marks indicated on the timber (as indicated at the left handof Fig. 3,) with thel upper edge of the timber coinciding with the score'cutting the eight-inch graduation and marked 1-2.42 and Will make thelower terminal horizontal cut of the rafter -along the lower edge of thebase of the square. He

will then place the square with the eight-inch 'Graduation at the markon the timber (as .indicated at the right hand of Fig. 3) with the upperedge of the timber coinciding with said score and'intcrsecting'the point6 each other and respectively horizontal and.

vertical.

It will be seen 4that absolutely no calculation is required other thanto multiply the value of the score corresponding to the desired pitch byone-half the width of the building, thus providing for rapidity andaccuracy in designing, estimating, and framing, and a resultant economyin time and material and greater degree of perfection in workmanship.

In the narrow column 7, Fig. 1, just inside the score-index will befound numerals opposite each inch graduation which govern the amount tobe deducted in the` cutting of jackrafters as follows: If the pitch isthree inches to the foot and the length of the first rafter of a gableis' found to be 12-4.32 on a twelve-foot base, then the second rafter ofthe valley. in an eighteen-inch run will be 12-4.32 minus 4.5l (thenumeral opposite the three-inch graduation) or 11-'11.82. The third willbe 4.5 shorter than the second, and so on to the junction of the ridge Aand valley. If the rafters are sixteen inches apart, the amount to bededucted from the length of the preceding rafter is four inches' insteadof 4.5, and the second rafter of the valley would be in the instancegiven above 12J-4.32 minus four inches, or 12-.32, and so on.

It will thus be seen that by the use of this'l square builders areenabled not only to estimate and cut rafters of a straight run, but

' the varying rafters of a valley without other su plemental tools.

n many classes of work, as in breakers, housework, tinners Work, &c., itbecomes necessary to frame in polygonal structure, and the task ofcalculating the lenO'th of the timbers-and the cuts is onebeyond theability of the ordinary carpenter, necessitating the laying oif of plansand the reduction of the measurements taken thereon to the work in hand.In the square Iforming the subject of' this application provision ismade whereby measured bythe difference between the mcetin Y angle of thesides and one hundred and eig ty degrees. As the sides of an octagon,for instance, meet at an angle of fortyiive degrees the embrace an angleof one hundred and eig ty degrees minus forty-iive degrees, or onehundred and thirty-iive degrees, and as in cutting the meeting ends ofthe timbers the divergent angle is divided equally between the twotimber ends each will be cut at an angle of 62.5 degrees to its` sides.

To simplify the operation and obviate-the necessity of any calculation,and taking advantage of the fact that/'the two arms of the square meetat an angle of ninety degrees,

the quadrant 3 is provided with radial lines S alining with the scores 4on the altitude of the square, which make-with that edge of the squareangles corresponding to one-half the angles made by thepboundary-linesvof ordinary polygonal figures.

It will also be noted that along the tongue l or base of the `square areindicated several polygonal iigure's for the guidance ofthe user,illustrating the number of sides in each ordinary polygon and each witha legend, 9 giving4 the extreme length of a timber formmg one side ofthat polygon constructed within a circle having a radius of one foot. Afurther legend, 10,7'givesthe cut for the end of each timber to insureaperfect it.

To illustrate, if a room or roof is to 'be framed in as an Octagonhaving an extreme radius often feet a reference to the Octagon ligurewill show that the length of each side will bel() by 9.18 or 7-7.8, andto cut the timbers to fit the square will be .placed with the poi-nt 6of th'e quadrant 3 (which coincides with the twelve-inch raduation ofthe base of the square) at one e gefof the 4timber and in such positionthat that edge of the timber coincides with the radial line of thequadrant marked Octagon The timber is then cut along the outer edge ofthe longer side ofthe square. (See Fig. 4.) In placing the square inthis position it will be noted that the edge of the timber coincidesWith the five-inch graduation on the longer arm of the square, as thediagonal score intersecting that gradua tion alines with the sai-dradial line. By this fact the greatest accuracy is secured in placingthe square in position, and for this reason the legend, 10, referring tothe cut gives the IIO ' structure with ytersection to their ends, saidbase graduations oneach arm of the squarewhich the edge ofthe timberwill intersect, in'this( instance five inches by twelve inches. v v

The same application of the square will enable the carpenter to quicklycalculate and cut the. timbers for framing any polygonal square cuts. r

--Havingthus described my said invention',

what I claim as new, 'and desire to secure by Letters Patent ofthegUnited States,- is- The hereinadescribed" carpenters square' havingthe short arm or base and the long arm or altitude perpendicular one tothe other With their outside edges graduated in.

Oint of in# aving the inches and halfinches from their quadrant j markas center, an d both the base and altitude f inch mark on the base'and-intersecting the' having the scores 4 radiating `from the twelve# asgreat accuracy asA for 3 described about its twelve-inchinch landhalf-inch vgraduations on the altitude,vlegends adjacent to thegraduations on the altitudevsignifying the length of rafters having atwelve-inch base and a pitch corresponding to the respectivegraduations, a roW of legends on the altitude adjacent to saidgraduations, the legends of said row-signifiin the decrease in length ofsucceeding jac ra ters at the same pitch arranged sixteen and eighteeninches apart, representations of fragments of various` polygons on saidbase and legends upon said base adjacent to said polygons signifying thelength. of each side based upon a' given unit of measurement,substantially as shown and described.

In testimony whereof I hereunto aiiix my signaimre in presence of twowitnesses.

4MARY E. DEAN,

MARK LUVERICK.

